Portugal

In a mere 20 years or so since it joined the EU, Portugal has been transformed from a country of flabby, oxidized whites and dried-out, tannic reds to one of the most exciting and innovative wine regions in the world. Investment, modern technology and knowledge have been the key drivers. 

Qualitatively-speaking, the Douro leads the way for the reds, epitomised by the Chryseia joint venture between the famous Symington Port family and Bruno Prats, the ex-owner of Ch. Cos d' Estournel. But it is closely followed by its northern neighbours Dão and Bairrada. However, it is the large regions of the south, Alentejo, Estremadura and Terras do Sado, and Beiras in the north, that laid the ground with their excellent value, modern, fruity reds and whites from the mid-1990s onwards. 

Portugal has always been a bit different from its neighbours. Historically an ally of England against the French - offering itself at the very least as an alternative source of wine - it isolated itself for much of the 20^th century during the 42-year Salazar dictatorship that ended in 1974. It was responsible for some of the most successful mass market wine brands of the 1970s and 1980s - Lancers, Mateus Rosé and Vinho Verde - but holds firmly onto its range of weird and wonderful indigenous varieties.

Pockets of vines cover most of Portugal - a total of 400,000ha - and it is Europe's 4^th largest producer (with Germany) behind Italy, France and Spain. The country splits naturally into 2 halves: the north is hillier and wetter (apart from far inland), with granite, slate and schist soil. It is relatively densely populated, with most vineyards owned by smallholders cultivating a hotch-potch of indigenous varieties. The hotter, flatter south has limestone, clay and sand soil, is more sparsely populated, and boasts larger wine estates with monocépage vineyards, cultivating far more international varieties.

Portugal boasts an incredible diversity of wines from the fresh, spritzy whites of Vinho Verde to the rich, full-bodied reds and, of course, powerful fortified Port wines, of the Douro. Portugal's fortified and red wines rule the roost, although the whites show excellent potential, and not just at the cheap and cheerful end. Excellent sweet Moscatels can also be found, in regions like Setúbal in the south. Tannins and acidity remain relatively high here but the wines share a lovely voluptuous fruit that can be seen across the range.  

Portugal's finest white varieties are considered to be Loureiro and Alvarinho (aka Albariño) in Vinho Verde, Bical (Bairrada), the aristocratic Arinto (in southern Portugal), the full-bodied Encruzado (Dão). For the reds, the Port grape Touriga Nacional (Douro and Dão) is its trump card, followed by other Port grapes Touriga Franca, Tinta Cão and Tinta Roriz (aka Tempranillo), Baga (Bairrada), Castelão Frances (aka Periquita/João de Santarém in the south) and Trincadeira in the Alentejo. 

Portugal's defined appellations are designated DOCs (Denominação de Origem Controlada), along with a second tier IPR (Indicação de Proveniencia Regulamentada) - DOCs in waiting - and a third, more flexible classification for larger regions VR (Vinho Regional).